Many owners of "Lada" are faced with the fact that the trapezium of the wiper "Kalina" breaks down. It turns out this problem is pretty common. Either the wipers work slowly, or they touch the side post, although the length of the brushes is normal. And it also happens that right on the road, during the rain, the windows will stand in the center and the wipers on the Kalina do not work.
Some experts argue that if the wiper blades do not work when turned on, then the most common reason for this is a fuse failure. In this case, no special efforts are required to troubleshoot the problem. You just need to open the fuse box cover (on the left under the steering column) and find the corresponding fuse. This will help to make the diagram printed on the lid from the inside.
If the wipers do not work in intermittent mode, then the relay may have failed. It is located in the same place as the fuses. It needs to be replaced with a new one. But, as evidenced by the statistics given by the owners of Lada cars, fuses or relays burn out quite rarely.
A very common reason that the Lada Kalina wiper blades do not work is the destruction of the bushings. As experienced drivers say, plastic bushings fall apart very quickly - their service life is at most 3 years. Perhaps the reason for their destruction is the quality of the plastic. But, alas, there are no other bushings. The repair kit can be found in specialized car dealerships.
When the wiper drive does not work, the cause may be a failure of the motor that sets them in motion. To find out whether the electric brush drive has really burned out, you need to check whether electricity is supplied to it. This can be done using a tester. If power comes in, then you need to replace the warmed up motor.
When the drive works when the wipers are turned on, but the wipers do not move, the repair of the trapezoid in such a situation will be reduced to replacing the bushings.
To do this, you need to remove the trapezoid, which is located under the plastic decorative strip under the windshield. Repair of the wiper is carried out in the following order:
If you do not remove the trapezoid, then when installing the bushings, you can bend the hinges, which will lead to incorrect operation of the wipers. Therefore, it is better to remove the entire trapezoid and replace it not by weight, but with emphasis.
The collapsed sleeve is immediately visible. It can be simply removed with pliers. To insert a new one, it and the retaining ring must be steamed in hot water, otherwise all this will not be able to put on the hinge. Before putting on the retaining ring, the sleeve should be lubricated with a lubricant (for example, lithol). All work on disassembly - assembly takes a maximum of 40 minutes.
But if the central bushing "flew", then, most likely, you will have to replace the entire wiper mechanism. Replacing the wiper trapezium is an even simpler event than the process of removing and installing new bushings. All work is carried out according to the algorithm described above.
Naturally, a complete replacement of the wiper trapezoid will cost more than repairing a wiper. But it will be more reliable. New is almost guaranteed to last longer than refurbished.Although some owners of the "Lada" claim that the revised and repaired trapeze of the Kalina wipers may well serve for two years. Well, you always have to consider whether you are willing to spend time or money.
It often happens that the wiper drive system works, and traces remain on the windshield that interfere with normal vision. In this case, you need to replace the wipers. Earlier, on domestic cars, brushes were installed, into the frame of which a rubber part was inserted, which cleaned the glass. But recently, frameless brushes have been used. They work better, and their resistance to different weather conditions is higher. Although wire-frame brushes are cheaper, frameless brushes will last longer. They can work efficiently from 1 to 1.5 million cycles.
When planning to replace, you need to consider the size of the wiper blades. For Lada Kalina, this is a 600 mm brush on the driver's side of the windshield and a 400 mm brush on the front passenger side. On the rear window, the standard wiper blade is 360 mm long. The rear wiper is replaced much less frequently than the front wiper. They wear out much more slowly, since they have to be turned on less often.
Replacing brushes with Lada Kalina is a process that does not require either special knowledge or any tools. They just need to be removed by snapping off the locks, and in their place put new ones, pushing them until the lock snaps into place.
VIDEO
2 years after the last bulkhead of the trapezoid, 2 weeks ago, the left hinge of the trapezoid jumped off the axis and the left wiper got up, right in the rain. Somehow I got home and took the subway to work.
First I wanted to buy a trapeze separately, but they only sell Bosch. I could buy it from my hands, but I decided to look for the bushings themselves. I found a link to an online store on the forum. I had to buy together with the members of the forum, tk. there are min. order. I was not in a hurry, because I was leaving for the holidays, the car was not particularly needed.
The parcel arrived yesterday.
On the plus side, there is no hole in the center; water will not get inside the sleeve. This is also a problem for the staff. they are just in the area where the water drains and are always damp.
I did the installation today, at the same time I oiled the trapezoid again. In principle, and so it was not bad, but from below the lubricant is already liquid as it was.
Broken old bushings, i.e. they were pressed into a liquid state.
1. If the central bushing falls apart, then there is no repair kit for it. It is smaller. I removed it as carefully as possible, there was no brownish rusty grease under it, because water did not get there. Those. everything is ok here. I did not notice the wear of both central bushings. When removed, the right sleeve immediately flew off. Apparently she kept her word of honor. I also decided to replace it so as not to climb a second time.
Further check on the machine, everything works, the left hinge does not touch anything.
Hopefully, with the replacement of the bushings, the leash backlash will also go away. The old hinge bushings were loosened giving rise to trapezoid backlash and the free play of the large wiper could reach + -5 cm from the center of the rest zone, now + -2.5 cm.
Structurally, the windshield wiper of a Lada Kalina car consists of an electric motor, levers, brushes and hinges.
Electric motor - three-brush, with excitation from permanent magnets, two-speed. A thermo-bimetallic fuse is installed to protect against overloads. To reduce radio interference, a capacitor and a choke are supplied. It is best to replace a defective geared motor. The bent levers can be straightened, or the trapezoid can be completely replaced.
Possible wiper malfunctions and repair methods
Malfunction
The wiper motor does not work, the fuse in the mounting block is good
Wires are damaged, oxidized or loose ends
Crimp lugs, replace faulty wires
Malfunction of the steering column switch
Replace defective wiper switch
The brushes of the electric motor are hanging,
collector very dirty or burnt
Eliminate the hanging of the brushes, clean the manifold
or replace the geared motor
Breakage in the winding of the electric motor armature
Additional relay defective
The wiper motor does not work, the wiper circuit protection fuse in the mounting block blows
After turning off the cleaner, carefully separate the brushes from the glass, make sure that the rubber scraper is intact,
restore the mobility of the brush connections
Wiper brushes touching body parts
Check if the levers are correctly installed,
straighten out the deformed levers or replace the wiper
Short circuit in the motor winding
Cleaner motor does not intermittently
Defective purifier relay
Defective steering column switch
Replace defective switch
Cleaner motor does not stop intermittently
Defective purifier relay
Limit switch blades are not pressed well against the gear of the geared motor
Fold in the contact tabs of the limit switch
Oxidized or burnt contacts of the limit switch
Clean contacts or replace wiper gear motor
The brushes stop at any position
Loose crank nut on axle
With the crank correctly installed, tighten the nut
Limit switch contact tabs are not pressed well
to the gear of the geared motor
Fold in the contact tabs of the limit switch
Brushes do not work synchronously
Loose fastening of the lever of one of the brushes on the shaft
Set the brush in the desired position
and tighten the lever securing nut
Cleaner motor runs, but no brushes move
Loose crank nut on the gear axis of the gear motor
With the crank correctly installed, tighten the nut
Some owners of budget models Lada Kalina have problems with the wiper trapezoid due to its unexpected failure. This type of malfunction is widespread, so we cannot ignore this issue, because the situation when the wipers stopped functioning in the rain is not the most pleasant. And a wiper repair is required.
The most likely factor causing the wipers to stop is the blown out of the working element in the fuse. Elimination of this malfunction involves the implementation of the simplest action - replacing the fuse-link. It is located in the corresponding mounting block to the left of the steering column. It will be useful to stock up on a fuse diagram that will help you easily find the insert we need.
When the cleaners ceased to function in intermittent mode, the control relay most likely became unusable. This component is also located in the previously designated block. In case of failure, the relay is replaced with a new analogue.However, we note that according to the numerous reviews of the owners of domestic small cars, certain statistics have been formed, indicating that there are few cases of breakdowns of this kind.
Destruction of bushings appears as the most common cause. They are made of plastic, so they do not boast a long service life, which reaches a maximum of three years. The process of destruction of elements is primarily influenced by the quality indicator of the material. Here, the only effective measure will be replacement, and for its implementation, you should acquire a repair kit, which is available in a specialized trading entity. In this case, the trapezoid is also replaced.
If the owner of Lada Kalina discovers an inoperative drive of the cleaners, then this indicates a failed motor of the unit. In order to make sure of this fact, you will need to make sure that the voltage from the on-board network is supplied to the motor contacts. This procedure is easily accomplished with a conventional tester. If power is present, then we definitely change the motor.
When the owner of LADA Kalina turns on the wiper drive, the engine is running, and the wipers refuse to move, the bushings will have to be replaced. For this purpose, the trapezoid of the wipers is dismantled, which is covered by a decorative plastic panel. The location of the node (trapezoid) is directly under the windshield. The wiper is repaired using the wiper trapeze repair kit in the following order:
we unscrew the fasteners of the brushes and remove them in combination with the leashes;
then we dismantle the decorative protective panel, for which we stock up with a Torx T20 key;
proceed to the removal of the trapezium itself, which is held on the frontal body element by means of a nut and a pair of bolts, we use, if necessary, a wiper trapezoid repair kit;
then you will need to disconnect the supply lines of the node from the battery;
the assembly can now be removed.
If you resort to replacing the bushings without removing the trapezoid, then there is a risk of deformation of the hinges, which will lead to incorrect operation of the brushes. The destroyed bushing will immediately give itself out, so we can safely proceed to the "operation". The element is removed with nippers. Before installing the new bushing, together with the lock washer, you will need to preheat it in boiling water, which will allow you to easily put the specified element on the hinge. Also, before installing the ring, we lubricate the sleeve with a suitable substance, for example, lithol.
In cases of a breakdown of the central bushing, the entire mechanism will have to be changed. This work is not capable of creating difficulties, therefore we unscrew the previously indicated list of fasteners and dismantle the assembly, and in its place we install a new mechanism. Such a replacement will be more costly than a conventional replacement of bushings, but this option is more reliable. The owners of LADA Kalina assure that after replacing the bushings, the mechanism is capable of showing a resource of at least two years. Here, the choice remains with the owner, which of the methods to lean towards in this situation.
Over time, the owners of the practical Lada Kalina notice the appearance of brush marks on the surface of the windshield. Such "artifacts" create an obstacle to good visibility. In this situation, the replacement of the indicated components will be required, it is likely that the replacement of the trapezium will be required. Many experienced owners advise purchasing frameless brushes, which, in their opinion, are able to “bravely” withstand temperature extremes and can demonstrate a relatively longer resource, equal to about 1.5 million cycles.
Before replacing, you should understand the required size of the products. For Lada Kalina, you should purchase a driver's side brush with a length of 600 mm, and for the glass area opposite the passenger - 400 mm. For the stern glass the brush has a standard dimension of 360 mm.This wiper blade is much less likely to be replaced because the intensity of its operation is significantly lower in comparison with the front components.
Such an important process as replacing wipers, or when changing the trapezoid of wipers on a LADA Kalina car, is a very simple event. There is no need for special gadgets or intricate tools. The brushes are removed by opening the locks.
Repairing or replacing a part such as a trapezoid of wipers appears as a more responsible job, but it is not capable of causing difficulties for an inexperienced owner of Lada Kalina. In such situations, do not hesitate to take action.
VIDEO
Today I had to shoot the trapezoid of wipers on my Kalina, as there was one problem, which I will talk about a little later. At the same time, I decided to write instructions for replacing both the trapezoid itself and the wiper motor. Everything is filmed quite simply, I did not even think that everything is much easier than on the "classics". For this repair you will need tools such as:
Heads 10 and 13
Ratchet handles or cranks
Open-end wrenches or box wrenches for 10 and 13
Bit TORX T20 with holder
Before proceeding with the removal, it is necessary to remove the wiper arms, as well as the plastic pads at the very bottom of the windshield, which I wrote about in the instructions for replacing the Kalina cabin filter. There you will need just TORX T20.
After these pads are removed from the car, you can start loosening the bolts and nuts that secure the trapezoid itself. First, unscrew the bolt on the left, as shown in the photo below:
And you also need to unscrew one nut on the right side, it is best to use an open-end wrench there:
Now the trapezoid holds nothing and now you can tilt it slightly forward:
Take it out of its seat:
And in order to finally remove it, it remains to disconnect the power plug of the motor. It was not possible to photograph everything in its original form, but there is nothing complicated there - we bend the latch and pull the plug towards ourselves. And you will also need to remove it from the hole in the body, in which it is planted on the latch (clip). Here it is after removal:
The motor itself with a trapezoid of wipers is connected by 3 bolts and one nut. First, unscrew these three bolts with a 10 head:
And then the nut that secures the trapezoid lever to the motor shaft:
And after that, you can remove the motor, since there are no more mounts:
If necessary, we replace the motor and trapezium, or buy the entire assembly and install it in reverse order. It is advisable to notice the position of the trapezoid lever relative to the body during removal, so that later everything can be put in the same way! The price of a trapezium assembly with a motor for Kalina is about 2,000 rubles, and individually, these parts are almost equivalent.
To the numerous "sores" of Lada Kalina, I would also add wiper drive (wiper motor). It was with this nuisance that I recently encountered, the solution to the problem was the replacement of the wiper motor. I produced it, as you know, with your own hands, about what came of it and how it was all done - will be discussed in my article today.
Need replacing the wiper drive arose after I noticed that the speed of movement of the wipers had significantly decreased, the plastic rods were constantly breaking, and the wipers themselves often began to leave the cleaning area.
First. To tinker and sort out the gearbox - in the end it is not a fact that after that they will work as they should.
Second. Replace the motor with the entire trapezoid assembly. Perhaps it is more expensive, but in this case I saved time and nerves.
I bought a wiper drive assembly from the manufacturer Valeo. The country of origin is China, this is certainly not very pleasant, but he reassured himself that, firstly, now everything is going to China, and secondly, as the saying goes, “China - China has strife.” Well, time will tell.
Replacing the wiper motor Lada Kalina does not represent anything difficult, everything about everything took me about half an hour.
1. Remove the plastic cap and unscrew the two nuts at “13”, then the wipers with the leashes.
2. Now you need to remove the frill (decorative plastic strip), for this you need the TORX T20 attachment. Some bolts can be covered with plugs, those who at least once changed the cabin filter with their own hands will know what's what.
3. Take the key “10” and unscrew the nut located on the right side, as well as the two fastening bolts located on the left side, which secure the trapezoid to the body.
4. Disconnect the negative terminal of the battery, then disconnect the connector and the trapezoid along with the wiper motor.
5. Take a new trapezoid and install it in the place of further service. Assembly is carried out upside-down. When finished, adjust the position of the wiper brushes.
Welcome to VAZ Repair! Today in the heading "Lada Granta Repair" you will learn about how to replace the Lada Granta wiper drive at home, in the event of a malfunction. "Kalinovody and Grantovody" argue that the numerous shortcomings, or, more simply, the "sores" of Kalina and Grants, can be safely attributed to the problem of the wiper drive, the average service life of which is no more than 3 5 years.
Video (click to play).
These same "sores" appear in different ways:
Slow motion of the wipers;
Breakdowns associated with plastic parts (rods);
Wipers leaving the cleaning area, etc.
The problem is that the price of a trapezoid assembly with a gearbox is rather big. Therefore, in the event of a problem with lubrication, the gearbox does not have to be changed, it can be disassembled and lubricated, since there are plenty of instructions on the network. The trapezoid is another matter, here, as a rule, replacement is inevitable.
In my case, the problem was as follows - during work, the wipers began to leave more and more outside the cleaning area, while constantly hitting the frill stand (plastic decorative strip at the bottom of the windshield). The decision was taken - replacement of the Lada Granta wiper drive completely, that is, the entire trapezoid as a whole.
Instead of the "native" drive, it was decided to install another one - produced by Valeo, they are interchangeable, so they are installed without problems.
In order to replace the Lada Granta wiper drive, you will need the following set of tools:
Do-it-yourself Lada Granta wiper drive replacement - step-by-step instructions
1. The first step is to remove the wipers. This is done in the following way, it is necessary to remove two decorative plugs, under which there are fastening nuts on a turnkey basis at "13", they must be unscrewed, and the wipers along with brushes and leashes must be removed from the slots.
Note: After removing the wipers, do not turn them on, so as not to suffer with the adjustment during assembly.
2. Next, you need to remove the frill (decorative plastic overlay), this will require an "asterisk" - TORX T20.
Note: some of the mounting screws are hidden under the decorative caps.
3. Using the key "10", it is necessary to unscrew the nut (right), as well as 2 bolts (left) fastening the trapezoid.
4. Now you can turn off the power, to do this, disconnect the wire from the battery, and disconnect the connector. Now you can safely remove the entire trapezoid assembly.
5. Further, everyone can do their own, depending on the need, someone will have to replace everything, and someone will have enough to rinse everything and properly lubricate.
6. After completing all the necessary work, you can carry out the assembly, it is carried out in reverse order.
The new trapezoid is working properly, while the cleaning zone has increased (within the limits of what is permitted), nowhere does it rub or touch anything
In any car, windshield wipers are important elements.They, clearing the windshield of dirt, enable the driver to review the roadway in bad weather. If these elements are faulty in bad weather, then movement in such a car will pose a danger not only to the person in the car, but also to all other road users.
In the video, replacing the wiper blades with frameless ones.
VIDEO
Standard for Lada Kalina are as follows:
Driver Side Brush - 60 cm.
Passenger Side Brush - 40 cm.
Editorial Kalina kindly agreed to pose to show the size of the wipers
Some Kalinovody from our community change the passenger wiper brush to 43 cm in size. We tried it, butt in the butt. But, you can adjust the trapezoid, and it will be better. But we didn't like it!
VIDEO
The brushes are removed and the lock at the end of the wiper is unfastened. Next, the rubber bands are removed, which are mounted on the frame. Work must be done carefully. Next, new brushes are placed. They are trimmed if necessary. You need to use scissors for this. New rubber bands are firmly attached to the wiper. Here you may need to unbend the mounts or push the brushes under them. In the first version, you can accidentally damage the terminals, and in the second, it can take a long time to work with the work. Here everyone should choose the most convenient method for themselves.
As you can see, replacing and repairing wipers is a fairly simple job. This does not require certain skills and knowledge from the driver. The main thing is to understand the design of this system and know where to look for a malfunction. Also, when carrying out work, you must be careful enough. In winter, make sure that the brushes are not frozen and free of ice, as this can damage the glass.
Denso frameless wipers are good, but the "hook" will have to be finished a little with a grinder
Depending on the purpose, the wiper blades may be different. They are distinguished by:
Degrees of resistance to low temperatures.
The size.
The cycle of work.
Frame wipers are the most reliable (in my humble opinion)
Frame brushes are made of metal with plastic inserts. If they are used often, then their resource quickly ends. All fastening elements in them are loose. Also, these wipers cannot work at low temperatures.
Frameless wipers for Kalina ACLO, in any Auchan country
They are based on plastic and rubber. They are arched in shape. The advantage of this type of brushes is resistance to low temperatures and absence of noise during operation. They can also last for a long period of time. They can be easily updated if necessary. To do this, you just need to choose the brushes that are suitable for the size.
Therefore, it is recommended to constantly monitor the operation of the wipers and timely eliminate various problems. The principle of operation of wipers is simple, and most of the problems can be fixed by yourself. The main question here is to know a little how this node works.
In the event that the wipers began to work poorly on the Lada Kalina, then initially you need to check the mounting block, as well as the integrity of the fuse. As noted, this is the most common reason. Even a beginner can fix it. To replace the fuse, you must remove the cover from the fuse box. It is located under the steering wheel on the left. There is a diagram on this cover that will help you figure out where which fuse is located. It must be found, checked and replaced if necessary.
In this case, attention should be paid to the relay.
External view of the wiper relay
Relay for wipers numbered K6.
Fuse block diagram
Also, if necessary, replace the relay. It is located next to the fuses in the mounting block. In the event that the relay is working properly, then it is necessary to check the drive. All contacts are inspected for oxidation. If necessary, they are replaced with new ones.
If this does not help, then it will be necessary to check the entire system with a tester.When doing this, make sure that voltage is applied to the terminals.
If current flows to the wiper motor, but it does not work, then most likely it will need to be replaced.
Add. weight on the wiper motor - checked. It helps when the wipers start to bite, and they slowly and with a creak crawl on the glass
To do this, disconnect the terminals from the battery and remove the protection from the wires. Then the screws that hold the contacts are unscrewed. Then the required element is changed and the system is assembled in the reverse order.
If electricity does not flow to the electric motor, then the wiper switch will need to be replaced. To do this, you need to de-energize the car and remove the trim from the steering column. Remove the old switch and install a new one. Then reassemble in reverse order.
Removing and inspecting the trapezoid
If the voltage goes to the electric motor, but the wipers are not spinning, then the gearbox or trapezoid is out of order. The axle of the gearbox must rotate after it has been removed. If this is the case, but the trapezoid remains motionless, then it is necessary to check the splines with which it is driven. If there is no damage, then tighten the nut on the connection. If the splines are worn out, this element must be replaced.
Today I want to publish another useful article about the "disease" of Lada Kalina cars - this is the wiper drive. We will treat by replacing the wiper motor. The description will be from the photo, as always.
The need to replace the wiper drive arose after I noticed that the speed of the wipers had decreased significantly, the plastic rods were constantly breaking, and the wipers themselves often began to leave the cleaning area.
First ... To tinker and sort out the gearbox - in the end it is not a fact that after that they will work as they should.
Second ... Replace the motor with the entire trapezoid assembly. Perhaps it is more expensive, but in this case I saved time and nerves.
I bought a wiper drive assembly from the manufacturer Valeo. The country of origin is China, this is certainly not very pleasant, but he reassured himself that, firstly, now everything is going to China, and secondly, as the saying goes, “China - China has strife.” Well, time will tell.
Do-it-yourself Lada Kalina wiper motor replacement:
1. Remove the plastic cap and unscrew the two nuts at "13", then the wipers with the leashes.
2. Now you need to remove the frill (decorative plastic strip), for this you need the TORX T20 attachment. Some bolts can be covered with plugs, those who at least once changed the cabin filter with their own hands will know what's what.
3. Take the key on "10" and unscrew the nut located on the right side, as well as the two mounting bolts located on the left side, which secure the trapezoid to the body.
4. Disconnect the negative terminal of the battery, then disconnect the connector and the trapezoid along with the wiper motor.
5. Take a new trapezoid and install it in the place of further service. Assembly is carried out upside-down. When finished, adjust the position of the wiper brushes.
1. The area of action of the wipers has become what it should be, nowhere does it rub or touch anything.
If you have already opened the hood, check the oil level. On our site there is an article about changing the oil in the Lada Kalina engine with your own hands. Use it, good luck!
Disconnect the terminal of the wire from the negative terminal of the battery.
... remove the decorative cap.
Using the "13" head, unscrew the nut that secures the brush arm.
We remove the lever from the shaft together with the brush.
Using the "Torx T-20" wrench, unscrew the two screws securing the right and left facings.
Prying off with a screwdriver, take out the screw cap for securing the left lining.
We move the block of wires of the gear motor to the right and remove it from the holder.
... we disconnect the block of the motor reducer of the cleaner from the block of the wiring harness.
Using the "10" head, unscrew the two bolts and with a wrench of the same size the nut for attaching the cleaner.
We take out the windshield wiper with the gear motor assembly.
Mark the position of the crank relative to the wiper bracket with a marker.
Using the "13" wrench, unscrew the crank nut.
Using the "10" head, unscrew the three bolts of the gear motor to the cleaner bracket.
... and remove the geared motor from the bracket.
Remove the protective film from the geared motor.
Use a screwdriver to unscrew the four screws.
... and remove the gear cover with gasket.
If the speed of the wipers decreases significantly, and they gradually leave the boundaries of the cleaning area, and the plastic rods begin to break, then it is required replacement of the wiper drive .
The first solution to this problem is to iterate over the reducer. The second is to replace the motor and the entire trapezoid. It should be said right away that the second method is many times more effective.
In the example shown, a Chinese Valeo wiper drive was used.
To replace the wiper motor Lada Kalina takes about 30 minutes.
Remove the plastic cap, unscrew 2 nuts on "13", then wipers with leashes.
Using a “10” wrench, unscrew the nut on the right side and 2 fastening bolts securing the trapezoid to the body, and then on the left side.
Install a new trapezoid. Collect everything in reverse order. At the end of the work - adjust the wiper brushes.
An important element of the gas distribution mechanism (timing) is the camshaft (in the slang of car owners "camshaft"). His .
Required tools: an L-shaped hex wrench (for unscrewing the drain plug); special wrench for oil.
Over time, such brands of carburetors as Solex, Ozone and Weber, which were equipped with old VAZ models, have not lost their popularity. Quicker .
Let us briefly recall what is the essence of the process, which will be discussed further. Noise isolation - several measures, the purpose of which is to reduce.
