DIY home repair from scratch

In detail: DIY home renovation from scratch from a real master for the site my.housecope.com.

So, you have a happy event - it's time to renovate. This was preceded by the purchase of a new house, apartment, or the realization that you need to change something in your old home. You need a clear understanding of where to start and what should be the sequence of apartment renovation.

In order not to lose money, time and nerves in the future, we will clearly define the sequence of actions before purchasing materials, inviting a brigade and demolishing walls. There are quite a few programs and sites that will clearly help you understand what you want to see in your new home. Look at glossy magazines, photos with pictures - decide on the style of the interior. At this stage, you need to understand - will you completely determine the future look of your home yourself or use the services of an interior designer. Renovation of an apartment or a private house always begins with drawing up clear plans and schemes. If you think that it is better to entrust the interior design to a professional, then the designer will help:

Decide on the style and color scheme of the house
Draw up diagrams of the necessary engineering communications: electricians, plumbing, ventilation, heating, possibly a system of built-in vacuum cleaners
Draw up a plan of internal partitions with a delimitation of space for all the necessary residential, technical, utility zones
Make an estimate for rough and finishing works
With the arrangement of furniture, electrical outlets and plumbing fixtures
Sometimes in the procurement of materials
Carry out all repairs from start to finish

The services of designers are not cheap, but if you do not have time to think over the interior and fully control the renovation process, then a professional can take on such a burden. After all, it is possible to involve individuals in different stages of primary planning that you cannot handle on your own.

Video (click to play).

Now you have decided what you want to get in your new home. Now you need to understand whether it is possible to implement all your plans.

Interesting: psychologists advise starting any business with a clear definition of an action plan and an understanding of the end result. Whatever happens, as A. Herzen said: "I did nothing, because I always wanted to do more than usual."

Unfortunately, many beautiful projects “crashed” on load-bearing walls, sewer risers and air ducts, which cannot be touched according to urban planning standards. When receiving documentation for a new building or a newly purchased apartment, usually, the new owner has a floor plan or diagrams, where all load-bearing partitions and utilities are indicated. This will allow you to adjust your project so that nothing breaks. If you decide to make changes to the capital structures of the house, then you will have to take care of all the permits for this before starting construction.

So, there are permissions, the project is printed, you can get down to business. The next question is: who will be the executor?

Should I hire a brigade?
Conclude a contract with a contractor?
Or do it all on your own?

It is necessary to approach this issue with a clear understanding of your financial and time capabilities, as well as honestly assess your professional qualities as a builder. As with planning, some part of the work can be done independently, and something can be entrusted to professionals, or, nevertheless, all the stages of the repair can be entrusted to the masters.

The choice of professionals is also not easy.But many advise using the services of an organization or team that worked for your friends or relatives. Or at least visit the objects that have already been repaired by the forces of your chosen builders or are in the process of being renovated. This will help you evaluate the result, give you the opportunity to talk with customers.

Any organization gives you a guarantee for the work performed by it. However, the cost of hiring a separate crew is likely to be substantially lower than that of a construction or contractor.

We erect all the necessary internal partitions, observing the dimensions of future doorways, so as not to subsequently cut out the excess or lay the unnecessary. If you do not completely trust the plan that you have, then you can visually look at the future result of your planning. To do this, you can take several blocks or bricks and put them in place of your future partitions. So you may realize that you have left little space, for example, for a pantry or a bathroom. By the way, such mistakes can be avoided by a competent and experienced designer-designer. But as they say - trust, but verify. Then you live in this house.

The next stage of work will be to carry out all engineering communications that are necessary in your individual home. You should have defined their list at the initial stage:

Electrical wiring
Layout of television, telephone, Internet networks
Air conditioners
Distribution of heating systems: batteries and underfloor heating
Lining of sewerage and water supply systems
Laying of air ducts and ventilation
Installation of integrated hoses for dust extraction systems

It is important to do this almost at the very beginning, so that later you do not shred the plastered or painted walls, so as not to stumble over the wires that you did not think to hide.

Next, we proceed to the rough work. We level all surfaces, carry out the so-called pre-finishing, that is, the dirtiest stage of repair work. How long you will then enjoy your new home depends on the quality of this stage and compliance with all technological periods. Take your time and let the screed and plaster dry.

When all the preparatory work has been completed, finally comes the most joyful stage of apartment renovation. Finishing work allows you to fulfill all the bright decisions of the owner and designer. And at this stage, it is advisable to follow the sequence of apartment renovation.

First, we finish the ceilings clean, then the walls and after that the floors. But when ordering stretch ceilings, sometimes it is better to completely repair the walls: paste over with wallpaper, paint or plaster with special textured plaster, and only then stretch the ceilings. The floors, after they are ready, are covered with foil or other covering material so as not to spoil them.

We also observe all temperature conditions and time intervals: let the glue, plaster, paint dry out. At the last stage of work, we install doors and platbands to them, as well as all electrical points: sockets, switches, chandeliers and lamps. We install plumbing fixtures, skirting boards.

The renovation is almost ready! Now you can import furniture, hang curtains, decorate the interior and drive into a new house!

Overhaul of an apartment, as well as cosmetic, and renovation of a new apartment must begin with clear planning. But, in addition, you need to think over which engineering equipment requires replacement or reconstruction, which partitions to leave, and which to demolish. We'll have to revise all surfaces for any defects. Unlike renovation of a new building, overhaul begins with dirty work to remove non-working systems, old coatings, unnecessary walls. And then you continue according to the already described plan. As a result, the sequence of apartment renovation in the case of a capital approach can be reduced to the following plan:

Drawing up a design project;
Dismantling - taking out furniture, removing lighting fixtures, disassembling plumbing fixtures, removing old finishes, windows, doors, and floor screed;
Inspection of engineering communications - water supply, sewerage, heating systems, as well as electrical wiring. Further, their repair or dismantling.
Redevelopment (if provided for by the design project), namely the demolition of old floors, the transfer of door and window openings. This is followed by the installation of windows;
Carrying out electrical wiring - this will require wall chasing, so this stage should precede the leveling of the surfaces;
Breeding of water supply, heating and sewerage systems;
Leveling the surfaces of the ceiling and walls;
Floor screed laying;
Construction of new plasterboard partitions in accordance with the design project;
Ceiling, wall and floor finishing (in that order - from top to bottom);
Installation of doors and lamps;
Installation of household appliances, delivery of furniture and decoration of premises.

Unlike apartments, a private home requires more careful planning. Since at the planning stage it is also necessary to think over individual water supply, heating and sewerage systems. Arrangement of a boiler room, as well as a water intake unit with a filtration system, installation and connection of a septic tank or other treatment facilities, requires highly specialized knowledge and extensive professional experience. Such works determine your quiet life in the future, so it is better to entrust them to specialists.

Depending on the state of the house, the stages of repair may differ, but the following plan can be taken as a basis:

Draw up a design project
Calculate the amount of materials required
Make a rough estimate
Repair all communications, namely the water supply and sewerage system, ventilation, heating, gas and electrical wiring systems
Replace old windows and doors
Repair or replace the roof
Make soundproofing and insulation of the attic
Renew the facade of the house (partially or completely)
Repair the interior

In addition, if a private house has several floors, then a competent layout and design of stairs will save you space, as well as bring sophistication and individuality to your home.

As they say, the road will be mastered by the walking one. Don't be afraid to get started and you will succeed.

The sequence of repairs in the house with your own hands: Step-by-step instructions from scratch with a rough finish + Photo and Video

Are there any plans for renovation in your house? Where to start, how to finish, how to carry out the work so that one does not interfere with the other and does not spoil it? First of all, it is necessary to draw up at least an approximate plan of all work, to derive an estimate of costs. It should cover all planned activities, including dismantling of old elements - batteries, lamps, window sills, switches.

In the event that it is planned to replace interior and exterior doors, windows, it is important not to forget about the subsequent cleaning and disposal of construction waste. This is a pretty big expense to consider.

Before starting construction activities, it is necessary to determine the amount of work to be done and their approximate cost, and correlate them with your own capabilities.

It is highly undesirable to make significant adjustments after the start of work. All important design decisions are made and approved in advance, because it is not always possible to change them later, but it is almost always costly.

Usually, after completing the preparatory phase, the homeowner finds himself in an empty room, in front of completely bare walls. It is still quite difficult for him to navigate the forthcoming volume of work and expenses. But he already has an idea of what color solutions are preferable for him, where what will be located, in which part of the house household and other appliances will be installed.

Need to pay attention on the number and location of windows, the level of natural illumination, because the need for artificial lighting in the room depends on this. Why is it important? The fact is that any repair most often begins replacement or re-equipment of power gridsincluding future locations for lighting fixtures, outlets and switches. This also applies to old, already inhabited houses, and those built not so long ago.

Every average household today has many different technologies that need a powerful, optimized branch network. Additional sockets and numerous extension cords are very inconvenient to use.

If it is planned to install an air conditioning system, then it is carried out in the same period. At the same time, all the necessary heating system fasteners.

In parallel, a number of works related to drilling, chiselling, making recesses, grooves and booms... This also includes other work, in the process of which it is necessary to "disfigure" the ceiling, walls and floor, as a result of which a large amount of various construction waste is formed: dust, pieces of gypsum, brick and concrete.

When all this garbage removed, you can start preparing the subfloor.

There are different options:

preparation for underfloor heating;
installation of a sub-floor from edged boards;
leveling with a concrete screed.

The next stage of work refers to the windows. They are replaced if necessary.

If they completely satisfy the homeowner, then he simply checks the sealing of the cracks, the presence and condition of thermal insulation and window slopes. It is also checked whether the doors close and open well, whether there are distortions and other defects. After plastering and painting, it will be much more difficult to put them in order.

It is advisable to protect the inner window sills with a film from splashes of finishing compounds. This type of work is allowed to be carried out when installing doors, but the proposed option is more practical.

If the walls in the house need alignment and other necessary procedures, then the amount of compounds and mixtures required for this must be calculated in advance.

Materials tend to end unexpectedly at the wrong time - it is advisable to protect yourself from this.

The owners are constantly faced with various fundamental questions.

There can be no two answers to this question: before moving on to finishing the walls, you need to complete the preparatory work with the floor.

After cleaning, it must be prepared for the final, decorative coating.

The coating itself, regardless of its type and type, is done last.... This applies to self-leveling floors, parquet, laminate, linoleum and other types.

And at this stage, the prepared base is protected with foil, cardboard or several layers of newspapers. This will greatly facilitate subsequent cleaning and cleaning.

Even before moving on to plastering work, you should complete all the proposed activities with drywall. Niches, additional partitions, functional and decorative details are finished completely before moving on to the next stage of finishing work - Wet... It is advisable to perform all work of this kind within one working cycle, so as not to return to them again later.

Then you will be able to prevent errors during their installation, as well as get a minimum gap between the floor plane or threshold and door leaves. Image - DIY home renovation from scratch

Door installation is a high-tech process that does not use adhesives and compounds that can contaminate or damage the new floor. The tools used, provided that they are handled skillfully and carefully, are also not capable of damaging it.

This applies specifically to the door.

However, it is quite possible to mount the door frame a little earlier, even before the walls are aligned.... In this case, flaws, defects and cracks near the opening will be reliably masked.

If the existing walls do not need improvement, being already flat and smooth, the installation of the box can be carried out later. If the box is pre-installed, be sure to consider the thickness of the potential floor covering.

The same applies to painting the walls. Although the opinions of experts sometimes differ. Adherents of a different method are sure that wallpaper should be dealt with after completing work on the floor and fixing the ceiling plinth. They believe that wall decoration can be easily replaced at any time without touching the baseboards above and below.

In their opinion, it is enough to evenly cut the edges of the wallpaper along the skirting boards on both sides.

They switch to painting the ceiling after the end of fixing the ceiling plinth. With this order of work, it is quite convenient to correct all the irregularities and defects of their connections, and only after that paint the ceiling and baseboard in one go. The simultaneous dyeing allows them to look solid and elegant.

If speak about old house renovation sequences, it is worth dwelling on the installation of a stretch ceiling.

This habitual element is enjoying steady popularity. The specificity of the device of such ceilings allows their installation at the final stage of all events, after wallpapering or painting wall surfaces. Ceiling installation can be considered a clean-up operation that does not pose a threat of damage to the floor or walls.

The principle of “top-down” priority does not apply to this case. It applies mainly to the usual repair work. The emergence of new technologies brought some changes to their course. Even the teams involved in the installation of stretch ceilings suggest inviting them to actually complete the repair.

Let's try to compile a short list of the order of work in any given room of the house. So:

Electricity of the net;
Air conditioning and heating systems;
Arrangement of the sub-floor;
Installation (if necessary, with preliminary dismantling) of windows;
Working with walls - preparation for painting or pasting;
All works with the ceiling;
Finishing of walls - pasting or painting;
Final floor covering;
Door installation;
Arrangement of floor skirting boards and thresholds;
Stretch ceiling installation.

Of course, this order cannot be considered an axiom. Various reasons, including the original technology or the characteristics of the materials used, may violate it more or less.

All specialists choose their own algorithm of actions, which is convenient for them in each specific case, but the approximate sequence of events may be just that.

We will tell you about the main nuances that should be taken into account during various transformations in apartments, including in "Stalin", "Khrushchev" and "Brezhnev" houses.

We have prepared a list of questions that you should ask yourself and the construction team before starting the renovation. Answers will help you finish work faster and spend less money and nerves.

Without a well thought out plan, the renovation will turn into a natural disaster. We tell you what nuances you should definitely pay attention to, as well as list the procedure and terms of work in order to make your task as easy as possible.

Any repair and construction work involves an important stage - the execution of documentation: design, estimate, contract and executive. He is often overlooked. Dealing with official paperwork is quite troublesome, but it will help you to protect yourself from problems in the future.

When arranging a home, it is important to provide for convenient access to hidden elements of engineering equipment - valves and pressure reducers, siphons and filters, meters and regulators. This means that you cannot do without inspection hatches. Here's how to choose the perfect one.

Before starting repairs, it is worth deciding on the complexity and volume of work to be done. Sometimes superficial transformations are enough to make the apartment look fresh and cozy again. New wall decoration, replacement of flooring, reinstallation of doors - all these are parts of cosmetic repairs, faster, more economical, but at the same time not solving serious problems in the apartment.

When more global changes are required, major repairs begin. It includes redevelopment of space, demolition and construction of new partitions, replacement of pipes, electrical wiring and heating elements. Such repairs are an order of magnitude more expensive than cosmetic ones and lasts longer - but after them you get an absolutely renewed home.

Any type of repair can be done independently or with the help of specialists. The first option is less expensive, but does not guarantee a 100% result. If he is closer to you, check out our useful instructions and master classes - they will help you complete the work no worse than an experienced craftsman.

Repairing with a contractor seems like a safer choice, but there are pitfalls here as well. How to choose a good specialist? How to draw up a construction contract correctly? Comprehensive answers to these questions are collected below.

Features of drawing up a contract for construction or repair work: specifics, main points, estimate and design documentation.

When repairing, the question certainly arises: who should be entrusted with the work - a large company or private craftsmen? We compare both options and talk about the pros and cons of each.

We will tell you about all the intricacies of agreeing on the redevelopment of an apartment, including the one already done, so that you do not drown in bureaucratic delays.

We tell you about the main stages of the repair and the approximate time required for their implementation, as well as offer several life hacks on how to speed up the process.

The most burning aspect of the future renovation is the financial one. First of all, you need to decide how much the selected work will cost and what the money will be enough for; what and how you can save money, and what it is better not to skimp on.

Another important aspect is the preparation of a repair estimate, on the basis of which its approximate cost is estimated. There are other questions regarding the budget: for example, is it worth the investment on repair insurance?

Our tips will help you deal with all the financial subtleties. And with the help of simple and understandable calculators, in just a couple of clicks you can calculate the approximate cost of renovating an apartment or a separate room and the cost of building materials.

To prevent home or apartment renovation from emptying your wallet, you need to properly optimize your spending. We will tell you how to do this at the planning stage and during the process itself.

In addition to the previous article in this section, we will allow ourselves, dear readers, to tell you one short story that happened last summer with one gentleman, and show you a certain table, which the performer called an estimate.
Why it is so significant, you will very soon understand.

When starting a renovation, a zealous owner first of all picks up a calculator. However, he will receive expenses close to the real ones only if he takes into account various factors and nuances, including those that are not obvious.

Indicate the main parameters of the apartment, select the type and cost of work and materials and find out how much it will cost to renovate your apartment.

The harmonious and modern interior of a small Moscow apartment in an old building combines serenity and emotionality, openness and introversion.

A married couple with a teenage son dreamed of an interior in which the loft style would be combined with the traditional layout. Under this condition, it was extremely important to keep the "light breath" of this apartment near Moscow.

The design of the first floor has an original interpretation of the aviation theme. On the second level, the advantages of high ceilings are used and a mezzanine floor is arranged.

The design of this St. Petersburg apartment combines laconic forms and elegant details.

So that the repair does not stretch indefinitely, it is necessary to correctly plan it. To do this, it is necessary to take into account the procedure and terms of repair work, familiarize yourself with the legal framework, find out what documents will be needed for the transformations and how to draw them up. And that's not all. It is important to understand whether it is worth seeking help from a designer and how to think over the redevelopment so as not to drown in a series of approvals.

Knowing all these details, you will save time, money and nerves, but, most importantly, you can be in your new apartment as soon as possible.

Do you want to be surrounded by a modern interior, but can't articulate how it should look? Something you like about friends' apartments, something attracted you in magazines, something is difficult to decide on. Is it much easier to say what you don't want categorically? Only a professional will help you to understand your preferences and make the best decision.

We will tell you about repair and civil liability insurance, the features of insurance products, insurance risks and the cost of the policy.

On the forums of potential new settlers, battles over finishing from the developer have not subsided for many years. Is it worth spending additional funds on a ready-made standard repair, or is it still cheaper to buy an apartment and do the finishing yourself?

What can and cannot be done during redevelopment? What types of work do not apply to it? In what cases can you attach a balcony or loggia to a room? We answer the main questions about the global change of the apartment.

The amount of work that has to be done during the renovation is truly enormous, and in order not to drown in the sea of construction and finishing problems, competent and precise planning is necessary.

Choosing a new apartment design is a very important task that takes a lot of time and effort. And it's not only about creating a beautiful interior: with the help of a thoughtful design, you can change the geometry of the space, visually increase the size of the room, create a suitable atmosphere and mood. Take on board the best design options, interior trends and design life hacks - they will help you quickly decide on the future look of your apartment.

We have prepared a detailed overview of the most famous interior design trends. With its help, you can easily create the desired atmosphere in the apartment.

In our selection - only those styles that look organically in the interiors of small apartments, make the rooms light and airy and visually expand the space.

Let's talk about the 60-30-10 rule and five more important nuances of choosing an interior palette in a question-and-answer format.

Do you think Porsche is only a car brand, and the backstage exists exclusively on the set? No - all these are also the names of current interior styles. These and other fashion trends are in our selection.

These tips will help you visually enlarge the apartment and find a place where it seems to be practically nonexistent.

A modern interior is often built on a mixture of styles, and everything must be done so that it does not represent a random set of things, but looks whole and harmonious. Our simple and straightforward tips will help you cope with this task perfectly.

From timeless classics to relaxing Mediterranean style, we have selected for you the most relevant trends for a modern interior.

Where to start repairing an apartment so that the repair work does not stretch for an indefinite period, and the end result is sure to you

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Where to start repairing an apartment so that the repair work does not stretch out for an indefinite period, and the end result undoubtedly pleases you, this is what will be discussed in today's article. Renovation of the apartment requires serious preliminary preparation. The most important point is drawing up a detailed plan for future repairs, taking into account the smallest nuances. Consider, point by point, the advice of professionals on the correct organization of repair work in houses and apartments.

First of all, you need to decide on the complexity and volume of future repairs. To make the apartment bright and clean, sometimes it is enough to carry out cosmetic, superficial repairs: replacing the wallpaper, whitewashing the ceiling, changing the old linoleum, painting the walls, etc.

If you want to completely get rid of everything that is boring and old, decide on a major overhaul with the replacement of windows, leveling the walls, installing new floors, modern ceilings. Your home will be transformed and become new and beautiful.

You should not refuse the help of experienced specialists when carrying out major repairs. This is especially true for the creation of a modern design for your apartment, including redevelopment and the demolition of some walls and partitions.

Plan renovations based on your financial capabilities.

First, decide on the interior and design of each individual room that you plan to change in your apartment. You can seek advice from a professional designer, which will slightly increase your total financial expenses for repairs. For rooms where renovation will be carried out, it is necessary to complete detailed drawings of the successive stages of repair work.

We recommend that you complete five detailed renovation sketches for each individual room. In the first drawing, display the top view of the room, and in the other four, each wall. Complete each drawing with a detailed description and a plan for the sequential implementation of repair work, which will avoid omissions and inaccuracies in the work.

When drawing up a repair sketch, it is recommended to indicate:

Think over the location of the furniture. Those walls that will be most conspicuous need to be given special attention and use the highest quality finishes.
Think about where it would be best to place lamps and chandeliers so that the light illuminates the room as much as possible.
Given the location of the household appliances, indicate the locations for the outlets. To then correctly design the installation of electrical wiring in all rooms.
Consider the location of the main decorative elements: paintings, mosaics, brick walls.

In the repair plan, you need to indicate the desired finishing option: wallpapering the walls, painting, etc. To divide a room into separate zones, designers recommend painting one of the walls in a different color in order to focus on it and visually divide the room. These moments also need to be reflected in the plan.

According to the advice of experienced specialists, in order to avoid unnecessary dirt and dust during repair work, it is recommended to first of all carry out repairs in the rooms farthest from the front door. The final stage of the repair, it is advisable to choose passage rooms and a corridor through which building materials and tools are constantly sweeping. This is necessary in order not to stain or scratch the finish of the already repaired wall, not to damage the new floor.

An additional protection of the repaired room can be a cellophane film (fixed on the outside of the door), which will reliably protect the room from construction dirt, dust, plaster, paint, and accidental damage.

Do not carry out all repairs yourself. At your request, the execution of all repair work or only the performance of particularly complex repair operations can be entrusted to qualified specialists. Firstly, experience and knowledge will allow them to carry out repair work quickly and efficiently. Secondly, you do not have to additionally buy expensive tools, with the help of which the screed is ideally poured onto the floor or the tiles are laid out.

Even if the installation of an interior door seems easy to you, the slightest inaccuracy is unacceptable here. Of course, you can hang and arrange kitchen furniture, level the walls and paint a little yourself. But trust specialists for more complex repair work so that you do not have to redo it, which can significantly increase your financial costs for repairs.

#one. After the final choice of the design of the appearance of the rooms, furniture and interior, it is necessary to draw up a complete list of the necessary building materials. Their number and total cost depends on the amount of repair work and how they are carried out. If the budget allows you, you need to purchase building materials with a small supply.

# 2. Make a separate list of decor items: holders, shelves, mirrors, paintings, etc. Start your purchases with the selected decor elements. If the planned decor element is not available, you can quickly change or create a new design version of the apartment renovation.

# 3. Make a list of the building tools you need to complete the renovation. To do this, you can use the advice of a sales assistant in hardware stores or qualified repairmen.

When the preparatory work has been carried out: plans and sketches of the repair have been drawn up, lists of the necessary materials and tools have been prepared, a decision has been made about the possibility of self-repair or with the help of repair specialists, you will be able to calculate the approximate total cost of the planned repair.

You should not rush to purchase all the materials when you visit your first store. In the compiled lists of materials and tools, put down the prices of different stores, which will allow you to make purchases at a minimum cost. Carefully consider the choice of repair crew services. Pay special attention not only to the proposed cost of repair work, but also to the feedback from your friends about the quality of repair services.

To protect furniture from damage, construction dirt and dust, collect it in a central area of the room. Then carefully cover with plastic wrap. This will free up access to the walls and ceiling. Move expensive equipment and clothes to other rooms.

Repair work should start with the most dusty ones: replacing window blocks, window slopes and installing new window sills.This will avoid dirt and dust during painting work, when it is forbidden to open windows in order to avoid temperature extremes and an increase in humidity. When windows, slopes and sills are installed, cover them with plastic wrap or hardboard to avoid accidental mechanical damage and contamination.

Mark the installation locations of additional outlets, make the electrical wiring. Do not install sockets or plug them into the enclosure at this point.

In the case of welding work (for example, when replacing heating radiators), do them at the same time in different places of the apartment in order to quickly complete this dusty and difficult stage of work, sometimes including breaking down walls.

Before repairing walls, floors, ceilings, you must check their condition with a laser or water level. Begin by applying the thickest layers of mortar. As they dry out, you can carry out other minor repairs without downtime.

After completing this preparatory stage, proceed with the repair work, performing them in the following sequence: repair of the ceiling, walls, floor. Initially, work is carried out using putty, cement, gypsum mixtures. Then they begin to work on the installation of the floor, doors, slopes.

Final repairs: