DIY apartment renovation studio

The spread of studio apartments in the residential market of the Russian Federation is great today. They are popular because they are cheaper than the rest of the housing. However, many still do not consider studio apartments to be full-fledged housing - why, tell me, do we need one giant room, where everything is put together?

However, you shouldn't underestimate studio apartments. And it is worth making repairs, and correct repairs. What are its main aspects? We will tell you further.

In the architectural and planning plan, one can consider the boldness of the solution, convenient simplicity and freedom from the usual stereotypes. A similar rule was formulated by the eminent designer Van der Rohe. He said that a studio apartment is just an ideal field for the embodiment of creative ideas. Therefore, people who are looking for ways of self-expression in a studio apartment can stop. There are no rules and norms generally accepted by the world, there are no clear lines of compatibility of textures and colors, shapes and style directions. All this, any owner of a studio apartment can choose, as fantasy tells.

The well-known loft, where the "attic" or "industrial" style prevails and there are no partitions, can serve as examples of arranging the appearance of a studio apartment. It is possible to design a studio in the style of minimalism. Japanese ethno-style will also work. After all, there are no restrictions, and you can easily create the interior of a studio apartment according to your preferences - and it will certainly become original. If your own fantasies are not enough (not all of us know how to fantasize a lot), then contact experienced designers who specialize in such residential objects - they will find many solutions.

The layout of the studio initially seems almost primitive - there are no rooms, which makes it difficult to quickly decide how to use the area. But the absence of rooms entails such a process as zoning - you must at least symbolically separate the kitchen from the bedroom and separate the living room. And the location is not an easy table, as practice has confirmed. For example, a kitchen, a bathroom and a bathroom must certainly adjoin the ventilation unit, and the rest was created as little interference as possible. Here, only professional designers will be able to equip the space with the maximum efficiency of its use and absolute (as far as possible in studio apartments) comfort for those living everywhere.

Apart from design issues, there are purely engineering issues. In addition to sewerage with electricity and water supply, you should take care of insulation and heating, placement of air conditioning systems. At the renovation stage, the owner will partially be able to overcome the communal dependence, which requires additional heating systems (electric or infrared floor heating), but it is also necessary to reduce operating costs. In order for the thermal equipment to warm the apartment, you need to insulate everything that is possible - ceilings, walls and windows - as a rule, they will have to be changed. Insulation is not installed without problems - here vapor permeability becomes the main issue. It is unacceptable for condensate to penetrate into the apartment, accumulate behind the cladding or in the interpanel cavity. Finishing, of course. It is necessary to select safe, non-flammable and environmentally friendly, therefore natural materials are a priority. Of course, synthetic finishing materials are mostly inexpensive, and manufacturers claim their complete safety. But natural will always be much better.

A comfortable studio apartment is a good housing option for one person or a young family.In such a room, you can create a comfortable interior where all the necessary things will be collected and correctly arranged. Plan the arrangement of the apartment before the start of the renovation in order to think over the location and design of each functional area and calculate the costs. You can arrange comfortable housing without a large budget for a design project. Castorama experts tell you what can be done to reduce costs during renovation in order to make an apartment comfortable for living, cozy and spacious.

To save money on repairs, do not make spontaneous purchases. First, compare prices for finishing materials in different stores. You don't have to wait for a sale: many construction hypermarkets hold promotions and offer discounts on popular products throughout the year.

However, seasonal discounts should not be neglected. It is more profitable to make repairs in winter. Many construction hypermarkets and furniture centers reduce the prices of goods, which will help you save on the purchase of materials. Masters at this time are also not loaded with work. Do not be afraid to bargain and offer lower wages - perhaps this option will suit the specialist too.

The simpler the design, the cheaper it is to implement. Avoid complex built-in structures, catwalks and partitions. There is no need to make multi-level false ceilings and overuse drywall. It is inexpensive to paint a flat wall surface and lay flooring - keep this in mind when coming up with a studio design.

For a beautiful renovation, you need to carefully prepare the base. You can choose inexpensive decorative wallpaper or paint for finishing, but the walls, ceiling, and floor should be even. Otherwise, even the most expensive finish will look out of place.

It is not necessary to save on everything: highlight what is more important to you. The small area of ​​the studio apartment allows you to choose a parquet board or solid wood for flooring, but at the same time focus on more affordable wall paint. If you fundamentally lay out the bathroom with expensive mosaics, be prepared to use laminate or cork in the living area.

Remember that expensive does not mean beautiful and high quality. Expensive materials for the construction and decoration of an apartment do not guarantee high-quality repairs and functional planning. Natural stone or wood will look out of place in the arrangement of a compact studio.

Go for minimalism

Scandinavian design is a great option for budget renovation in a studio apartment. This style is not picky about finishing materials and furniture. Plastered white walls, a simple wooden floor, laconic furniture, a minimum of decorations - this design is inexpensive, but will always look stylish.

Scandinavian style doesn't require a lot of decor. For compact housing, it will be a good solution. Its peculiarity is space saving, which is very important for a studio apartment. You can arrange zoning with easy-to-use, inexpensive finishing materials. For example, a wall near a recreation area can be painted in light shades, and the work area can be decorated with rich, bright colors. Simple and laconic Scandinavian style makes it possible to make the interior functional and comfortable.

Use your own home decor to brighten up the room and complement the interior. In a calm and restrained Scandinavian room design, bright decorative pillows and a soft blanket will look interesting. They will create a homely, cozy atmosphere.

The chairs in the dining area can also be decorated with stylish pillows. Scandinavians prefer environmental friendliness in the design of houses, therefore, to create textile decorative elements, choose natural fabrics - cotton, linen.

REDUCE AREA

Use expensive materials in a limited area.For example, you can decorate a wall with hand-molded bricks only in a niche or in the center of the wall, where the decoration is in plain sight. Fashionable floor tiles with a geometric print do not have to be laid over a large area either: make a bright "rug" only at the entrance to the apartment and along the kitchen unit. Designer wallpaper will look great as an accent in the sleeping area or in front of the sofa.

USE STANDARD FURNITURE

Tailor-made furniture fits perfectly into the interior, but can hit your family budget hard. Plan the arrangement of furniture items so that only standard models are used: a kitchen unit with typical sizes, a bed, a sofa and a wardrobe.

Literally a little more than 10 days ago, my dream came true: my own living space! Part was purchased on credit, part - for cash and, accordingly, there was just barely enough money left for repairs (((For years earlier I thought that the most difficult thing was to save up for housing (it was literally saved in the family on everything). accumulated and determined the amount N for the purchase of housing, it already seemed to me that the most difficult thing is to choose exactly the one that is “ours”: area, type of house, status, etc. (and it was scary to “run into” something “left” when buying Now that all these moments are over, I understand: the most difficult thing is buying an apartment in a rough version and its subsequent renovation with limited finances)))) It's clear that you can invite a team of a couple of builders who will offer both the project and will do everything on a turnkey basis. But, on average, the price for such services is 6000 per square meter (this is without building materials and for finishing). And their projects, to put it mildly. pull on a weak 3, if there are only 29.5 squares in the apartment

So, my husband and I decided to risk doing everything ourselves. Fortunately, hands grow from where they need to. But: hands are growing, but fantasy is bad (((((For two weeks, the beginning of the repair is in place, and torments the very first and most important stage: planning! After all, our apartment is a set of pipes, walls and crossbars. More and the gas column hangs “out of topic.” At first, they firmly decided to build a one-room (like the Khrushchevskys). / d (1.5. in width and approx. 5 with options in length). The entrance hall remains too large. And the creation of a wall between the room and the kitchen makes the apartment look like a barn or a barn.

We decide to take a chance: we will focus on the type of layout that is practically just entering the real estate market - a studio. Moreover, the location of the apartment is very favorable: 150 meters from the sea, from the balcony there is also the sea and the mountains. The quarter is full of vacationers and cafes among the narrow Caucasian streets.

The apartment will definitely not be used for housing (rest, renting out, or further resale).

I studied the site with advertisements for the sale of studio apartments (in the hope of catching a suitable ready-made sample option for myself), but everything is the same type, so Savdepov-dreary. I haven't figured it out on this site yet, but it seems there are few photos and descriptions of repairs in small studios.

I create a blog so that later “there was something to remember” and to help those who have yet to complete the sale and purchase of a small draft odnushka)))))

the transom-column will be used as part of the wall of the bathroom

pipes and a column, especially annoying the sight of protruding (white in the photo) pipes from the column

The balcony also has to be made cozy, so that, sitting at the table, admire the view

Of course, the most economical option for repairing odnushka is to do the work yourself.

In order for the result to be of high quality and beautiful, you will have to make every effort, get the necessary knowledge, and carry out all the manipulations with an accuracy of millimeters.How to make repairs in an apartment with your own hands, and not make irreparable mistakes? Do you want to do without the help of professionals and significantly save money? In this article, we will tell you in detail about all the nuances of independent inexpensive repairs in your one-room apartment.

First, it is imperative to draw up a work plan, decide on design solutions, and think about purchasing materials.

The first stage will be the preparation of the premises for construction work. Oddly enough, but you need to start the whole process with the arrangement of furniture. To do this, print out several copies of the technical plan of the housing. On these sheets of paper, you can create a new look with several options for the arrangement of objects. Be sure to think over this question, since all further stages will depend on it. It is better to leave a minimum of furniture that you will really use all the time - daily and many times. The rest of the interior items - for example, various decorative elements, as well as furniture for rare use (mezzanines and so on) should be arranged as compactly as possible.

The technical plan of the apartment will help to arrange the furniture correctly

The second stage will be the development of a comfortable and multifunctional housing design. Consideration should be given to planning and expanding the space. Of course, arranging furniture will help save space, but you can also visually expand the space. A few practical tips will help us with this.

It is this factor that will greatly affect the appearance of the odnushka. Do not forget about the psychological factor - the selected shades will accompany you and all residents for many years.

• The colors brown, blue and green have a relaxing effect.

Buying a new apartment is a joyful event for any person. It is especially pleasant to get ownership of an apartment in a new building, in which no one has lived before. As a rule, apartments in new buildings do not have any repairs. The owners can see the walls without any decoration, electrical wires and plumbing pipes. To turn rooms with bare walls into cozy and comfortable rooms for living, you need to make some effort, gradually completing a number of important activities.

DIY repair in a new building

This is what a newly built apartment looks like.

Bare walls - plenty of room for action

Do not buy expensive building and finishing materials for the first renovation in a new building. The building will shrink for several years, under the influence of which the finish can significantly deform and even completely collapse. In view of this, experts recommend giving preference to unpretentious and plastic materials.

New high-rise buildings will shrink for a few more years.

Plan your renovation carefully. It is not necessary to draw up many drawings detailing various sizes and important nuances. Simple sketches will suffice. Think about whether you will be redeveloping the apartment, what materials, in your opinion, will best fit into the interior of the premises, where lighting fixtures and sockets should be installed, etc.

Remember: proper preparation before starting work will save money, effort and time in the future.

It is best to start repairs in a new building with a rough surface preparation. Align the ceiling and walls. For these activities, you will need spatulas, a trowel, and different sized rules. Pre-clean surfaces from dirt and dust. Perform leveling with ordinary plaster mixture. Recommendations for the preparation and use of the formulations are usually given directly on the package.

Plastering walls on lighthouses

Throw in the solution along the markup

We do the markings, pull the guide threads and install a few more beacons

We throw the solution onto the new wall of your apartment

We rub the grooves with a solution

Before plastering, the walls must be impregnated with a primer. It will provide a better and more reliable adhesion of the plaster to the surface.

If the thickness of the plaster layer is more than 3 cm, it is recommended to carry out the work in two stages. At the first stage, the surfaces are simply leveled, at the second, they must be carefully ironed.

Apply the first layer of the mixture with a trowel. Thoroughly level the plaster and let it dry completely. Apply a primer to the dry layer of plaster, let it dry, and then apply a second layer of plaster. The application procedure remains the same, but this layer must be smoothed as efficiently as possible. Periodically check the evenness of the plaster with a spirit level.

Piping in a new building

Plumbing installation is a rather difficult stage of apartment renovation

After the surfaces are completely dry, you can proceed to the finishing decoration of the walls and ceiling. However, before that, it is recommended to install plumbing fixtures, and, if necessary, mount (replace) double-glazed windows and doors, so as not to damage the finish in the future.

The rough preparation of the walls has already been completed, therefore, in the future, new door frames and double-glazed windows will not be stained with plaster and putty. If there are doors, dismantle them together with the frame, because new canvases usually come with their own boxes.

Plumbing installation can also be done in-house. Domestic users most often prefer toilets with horizontal outlet. The installation of such a toilet bowl is reduced to its connection to the sewer pipe. The legs are usually rigidly screwed to the floor. Usually, installation instructions are included with the toilet, so there will be no special problems with this.

The installation of the remaining plumbing fixtures is at the discretion of the owner.

Installing an acrylic bathtub

Diagram of connecting the sink and bathtub to hot and cold water and sewerage pipelines

Choosing wallpaper for the room

In the previous steps, you leveled the surfaces and prepared them for finishing, so you don't have to carry out any additional preparatory measures.

For wall decoration in living rooms, wallpaper is usually used. Choose the finishing material for the ceiling yourself. During the first repairs in a new building, it is better to limit yourself to ordinary plastering or painting, because the building, as noted, will shrink, as a result of which the finish may collapse. It is better to use more expensive finishing options within a few years after buying an apartment.

The technology of applying paint to the surface in several layers

When painting walls, fantasize

Make the walls in the kitchen and bathroom at your discretion. Typically, such premises are decorated with ceramic tiles.

In the bathroom, we put tiles on the wall and floor

In the bathroom, we put tiles on the wall and floor

Laying tiles on the wall with your own hands

When choosing a ceiling finish, start from your preferences and available budget. Inexpensive finishes can be done using:

• paints;
• whitewash;
• wallpaper;
• foam tiles.

Styrofoam ceiling tiles

How to glue ceiling tiles

How to glue ceiling tiles

Ceiling tile gluing options

The surface must be leveled before using any of the above finishes. As a standard, putty and primer are used for leveling.
Among the more expensive and interesting options for decorating the ceiling, one should highlight:

• installation of plasterboard structures. First, guide profiles are attached to the surfaces, after which drywall sheets are fixed to them.Using drywall, you can equip both simple single-tier and complex multi-tiered curly structures. Also, this finish allows you to hide the wiring, elements of the ventilation system and other communications, which is very convenient;
• arrangement of stretch fabrics. The PVC film is stretched and secured to the pre-assembled frame. The installation procedure is more complicated than in the case of plasterboard structures, because when performing repairs, it becomes necessary to use a special heat gun;
• plastic hinged structures. Also attached to the frame. The main advantages are: ease of installation, high assembly speed, low cost and beautiful appearance.

Stretch ceiling installation diagram

Scheme of a two-level plasterboard ceiling

As a rule, when a newly built house is delivered, there is wiring in it, but there are no electrical appliances, or their quality leaves much to be desired. After finishing the ceiling and walls, proceed with the installation of outlets, switches and lights. Remember the elementary precautions: you can work with an electrician only after the apartment is completely de-energized. Choose the location for the installation of sockets and lighting devices at your discretion.

Remember safety precautions!

Repair in a new building traditionally ends with the arrangement of the floor. As a rule, the condition of the floors in newly commissioned houses is poor. If the house is built of concrete panels and the apartments were handed over in a draft version, the screed must be poured.

Screed cracks (new building)

A screed is a layer of concrete mortar poured over the sub-floor and necessary to level the base. There are several types of this alignment. The most popular and easiest to do it yourself is a wet screed. All work comes down to eliminating irregularities and cracks with a concrete solution.

In a new building, it is enough to make a strong and even screed.

Before pouring the screed, the bottom of the walls should be covered with a protective edge tape.

Allow the screed to dry completely, apply a topcoat of your choice and install the skirting boards.

Studio apartments are very popular, because they allow you to make a cozy and stylish room from two small rooms. A minimum of walls and partitions, a maximum of air and space - these are the main characteristics of such an apartment. The design of such premises is carried out according to individual orders, they are classified as elite housing. The cost of a studio is higher than a standard studio apartment. The services of a designer cost a lot of money, so the owners often think about how to make a studio apartment on their own.

The concept of "studio apartment" came from the West, where affordable housing without planning has gained recognition among young people. This design made it possible to create temporary partitions and often change the arrangement of furniture. The same principle made studios popular in our country. Ideal for a young family, the extra space allows for more guests. The advantages of a studio from a one-room apartment are as follows:

• More free space appears.
• The room takes on an individual style.
• You can often change the design of the apartment by rearranging the furniture.
• With the right approach, the room turns out to be well lit.

The disadvantage of combining kitchen and living room will be the presence of food odors. You can get rid of them with a good hood. In the cold season, it will become cool in the spacious studio. Before the start of the heating season, it is worth taking care of the insulation of windows and additional radiators. An additional source of warmth and coziness in the studio will be an infrared heated floor, which can be easily mounted under a laminate flooring.

The design of a studio apartment involves dividing into zones. It is performed by creating a kind of partitions - light screens, through shelves, a bar that separates the kitchen.

This division allows you to feel a kind of privacy and makes the room cozy. A low plasterboard partition will visually delimit the space and you can equip a working corner behind it. One of the interesting and original divisions is to create an arch between the cooking area and the living room. In addition to structural elements, the distribution of zones is emphasized by various floor coverings, put practical tiles in the kitchen, and lay laminate in the main part. Ceiling height is also an excellent tool for delimiting space, moreover, the creation of original suspended structures in certain places will make the interior refined and individual. Differences in shades of wallpaper or paint on the walls will undoubtedly highlight the individual details of the studio.

The layout of the apartment consists of several main areas:

• The guest room is the space where the main furniture is concentrated: a table, armchairs, a sofa, a wardrobe and a TV. This part is located by the window, the wall can be decorated with a shelf with decorative elements.
• Kitchen - it should be highlighted as much as possible, the best option is to create a bar counter. If there is no place for installation, then you can put another floor covering or make a suspended ceiling with a box around the perimeter and lighting. A stove, household appliances, drawers, cupboards are placed in the kitchen.
• Sleeping place - a bed is placed here, it can be separated by a light partition or screen. An interesting solution is to create a podium for the bed.
• If the family has a child, a play area or place for lessons is allocated for him. The open space allows children to be monitored without interference.

The arrangement of furniture plays a special role in the perception of the studio, any object can become a symbol of the border of one of the zones: the back of a chair attached to the work table will designate an office, a sofa - a living room. The main placement of furniture is carried out along the walls, because the studio is created for free space. But the separation of the seating area is usually done by a sofa set in front of the TV. Massive furniture will not fit into the interior of the studio; it is better to replace it with transforming models. The setting depends only on the taste and preferences of the owners.

A small apartment does not please the owners even after a good renovation. But you can make a studio out of Khrushchev. Redevelopment will allow you to combine the kitchen, living room, hallway and corridor into one usable space. Small rooms separated by walls will become one spacious and comfortable studio. The apartment will change radically, it can be decorated in your favorite style: minimalism, classic or Japanese style. The design of such interiors includes natural materials, necessary furniture, and original finishes.

Before starting work, it is necessary to draw up a redevelopment project and assess financial capabilities.

TO Vartiry studios have gained popularity not so long ago. She was the first to adopt an innovative style open space in residential interiors Moscow, after it an interesting design solution was welcomed in almost all Russian regions. Previously, it was impossible to create housing in the style of minimalism due to the fact that standard building layouts did not allow for other solutions. In old houses, the arrangement of avant-garde interiors was hampered by the ban on demolition of load-bearing walls and other legal and technological obstacles. Today, at the stage of building a future home, you can think about the principles of free design of premises.

Repair of one-room studio apartments has its own specifics. Features are associated with what is required:

• draw up a project taking into account the requirements for living conditions in apartment buildings, regulated by SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10;
• solve engineering problems related to binding to ventilation ducts, power supply, water supply, sewerage, heat supply;
• rationally zoning the space in order to ensure the comfort of living and an aesthetic impression.

The key ideas for studio renovation are, by and large, the interior concept. By the time work starts, you should clearly understand which functional areas and how they will be combined in the room. Sketches and 3D-visualization of the project help to avoid mistakes.

One-room studio design

The main place will be occupied by the kitchen-living room. When decorating it, it is important to visually separate the living room from the kitchen block (however, antagonisms in their styles and colors are not welcome). Renovation of standard one-room apartments for the sake of creating studios allows you to do this in different ways. For example, they delimit zones:

• laminate and tiles used as floor coverings for spaces with different functionalities;
• bar counter serving as a dining table;
• glass or plasterboard curtains;
• different colors of the walls.

The gain in area is provided by the use of built-in kitchen equipment, by the way, this helps to reduce the noise level in the apartment.

Sofas and soft corners, shelves, floor pots, floor lamps are suitable for dividing the space. Zoning can be done using all sorts of screens. Most often, they are separated by a sleeping place.

Small quantities of multifunctional items are suitable for furnishing. The best option is built-in wardrobes, which save and relieve space. Mezzanines can be a useful element.

If renovation of a studio apartment, in your understanding, involves taking into account hot-fashion trends, use podiums - they look stylish in the interior and help to increase the functionality of the space. For example, a podium in the kitchen area can be decorated with tiles that are easy to clean, and parquet or carpet can be laid on the floors of the living area. In addition to the ability to create split-level apartments, high podiums provide additional storage space.

The area of ​​studios is never large, and small dimensions require a rational approach to planning and every detail of design. Interior experts consider lighting to be an appropriate accent: due to the directed beams of the spots or the diffused light of the chandeliers, you can emphasize a certain area. By insulating a loggia or balcony, we get additional useful meters. There are many options and they are all known to specialists.

Multifunctional rooms can be rectangular, square, or bold triangular or trapezoidal in shape. The design of a studio apartment is developed taking into account the preferences of the future owners. The most common options in terms of style:

• loft (from the English "attic") - simple, no frills;
• Provence - replete with decorative elements and therefore very cozy;
• high-tech - only useful pieces of furniture are used;
• fusion - allowing the combination of elements of different styles.

You can organically fit into any interior things that are especially expensive for owners: paintings, vases, photographs, indoor plants, figurines.

It is difficult to repair a studio apartment without the participation of professionals. Construction service companies offer a variety of solutions. You can find out how to cope with the transformation of square meters into stylish housing and get real help on the website Design, made by specialists, taking into account the ideas of clients, makes studio apartments original and diverse. Professionals are always ready to choose for you, and to implement ideas.

Ask questions in the comments below or by mail. Subscribe to the newsletter. Good luck to you, and good to your family!

Own housing periodically requires renovation. The difficulties associated with this are simple and understandable - often it’s just a lack of budget.In addition, the lack of knowledge about a particular technology makes one think about inviting specialists. Nevertheless, the best way to save money on renovating an apartment is to opt for an expensive budget finish and do some of the work yourself.

Before deciding on the implementation of a budget apartment repair with your own hands, you should familiarize yourself with the upcoming difficulties that will surely arise at many stages of work. What are they:

So, having decided on an independent budget apartment renovation, having estimated their own strengths and funds, they begin to work. Here is an algorithm of actions, following which time is spent rationally:

• The desired plan rooms. The position of communications - heating radiators, electrical outlets - depends on it. If you like, the space is divided into zones - recreation, active life.
• Old coatings are being removed from all surfaces - floor, walls, ceiling. If the windows and doors do not change, then they are also cleaned for the upcoming decoration. For work, you will need a perforator, dissolving liquids, spatulas - depending on the raw materials being dismantled. It is recommended to immediately impregnate the walls with antiseptics - mold is not uncommon in apartments, and moreover, such an opportunity is not expected anymore.
• Laying a new concrete roughing screed on the floor - without it, it is impossible to arrange a smooth floor covering, partitions, and wallpaper the walls with high quality.
• Arrange communications - electrical wiring hidden in the walls, sockets and sockets are brought to the surface. They are installing plastic water and sewer pipes, changing the heating system. If the plan provides for - arrange frames for plasterboard partitions.

The room now looks like a rough finish. Solutions vary depending on the previous state of the apartment. It is important to keep in mind that for the duration of the renovation, residents must have the opportunity to have a "alternate airfield" for at least a month. Especially when the apartment is small.

Now the prepared apartment is trimmed with inexpensive materials. For flooring, boards, multilayer plywood are chosen - it is environmentally friendly, inexpensive and beautiful, with appropriate processing. In wet rooms, tiles are indispensable - consider substandard or battle offered in stores. It's always inexpensive or even free.

For walls - traditional wallpaper or painting. The ceilings are whitewashed and painted. Gives an unusual look to a city apartment - drywall. Arches, portals, partitions are made from it. Doors and windows are painted and subjected to many design techniques - they are aged, decoupage, decorated with frosted or mosaic glass inserts. So the work begins:

The repair is over. It remains to give the room a finished look - to install lamps, arrange furniture, lay carpets. Sit on a soft sofa and calculate how much beauty cost you without the participation of professional craftsmen.

We bring to your attention options for budget repairs - before and after photos. Perhaps there will be one worthy of repetition among them.