DIY nissan pathfinder turbine repair

In detail: do-it-yourself nissan pathfinder turbine repair from a real master for the site my.housecope.com.

Hello everyone. Yesterday I left Navara in the service. Initial diagnosis. turbine repair. There was a hum. Opened the pipes there oil. Found an increased pressure of buckshot gases. They will look for the reason (why there is an increased pressure in the oil system, which affects the lubrication of the turbine).
1. need to be replaced or repaired.
2. the injectors may be defective.

PS. I took the car (2010 onwards 68 thousand sq. M. Run) in the fall from my hands. Traveled a little about 5 thousand km wound. Judging by the fact that the previous owner was broke even to change the light bulb on the tumanka and insert human lamps into the low / high beam. there is a feeling that the car was not watched at all. Yes, here's the rear pads creaked. Well, I went to the store. the first question of the seller: what is the mileage? - 70 thousand, in response to me .. so you still need to ride 100 thousand (they say the rear drums go for a long time). In general, while the pads have not changed. I will do it myself a little later in the spring. From all this, I came to the conclusion that this was most likely the case. mileage was twisted by 100 thousand, the previous turbine was replaced or the same one was repaired and started selling AUTO. Here people went, well, it’s not so hard to change the oil, fill in normal fuel, etc. Why, then, should you buy such machines? buy yourself a backed 2104 bucks for 400 and ride until it dies.

Added after 3 minutes
what I wanted to say. better to spend money and make a normal instrumental diagnostics AUTO. I am a civil engineer by training. I am engaged in the survey and design of buildings. It's just that if something is wrong with the structures, then you can make as many repairs as you like, all the same, everything will crumble until the cause is eliminated.

Video (click to play).

The turbine of a car is a small piece of the exhaust system that can be used to increase the power of the engine. Even with a small engine volume, if a turbine is installed, its power can exceed a larger unit.

A conventional engine and an engine with a turbine can be distinguished by ear - you just need to start them and listen to the sound. A turbine engine produces a more hissing sound, which will only increase as the revs increase.

The turbine and engine must work as balanced as possible; when selecting this element, you should take into account the characteristics of your car. It is advisable to select an original element suitable for each specific model - the turbine manufacturer takes into account the characteristics of the engine on which it is planned to install the part in advance.

In the event of a turbine breakdown, special equipment must be used. Self-repair is a rather problematic procedure.

In almost all large car services, before the start of the repair, computer diagnostics of the disturbing part is carried out to determine the causes of the breakdown and draw up a repair plan, which is subsequently agreed with the client. The cost of the repair will depend on the complexity of the repair.

During the repair work of the turbocharger, either the complete replacement of the damaged part or its parts is carried out, or the repair of the failed elements, if possible.

Turbocharger repair is carried out in several main stages:

If, during the operation of the car, the car owner has any suspicions that the turbine is not working properly or that this element is broken, then you should immediately contact the car service for diagnostics and subsequent repairs.If this is not done, then even a minor malfunction can lead to big problems, up to the breakdown of other parts of the car and their overhaul.

Like any other part in the design of a car, a turbocharger periodically fails and requires repair.

Turbine diagnostics can help determine the cause of the failure, which may be:

external mechanical damage;
low level or insufficient quality of the used engine oil;
corrosion of turbine elements;
incorrect installation of an element;
overheating of the turbine during vehicle operation;
motor changes little too rarely.

It should be understood that the turbine is very sensitive to proper care and operation. It is important to understand that repairing this part is very expensive.

It will not be difficult for an experienced driver to identify a turbocharger malfunction. However, in most cases, you will need special diagnostics in a car service to determine the true causes of the breakdown.

It is possible to determine that the turbocharger is out of order by several signs:

when accelerating, a strong whistle appears from under the hood;
Abundant leaks of engine oil appear in the area of the turbine installation site;
the corresponding signal of engine malfunction appears on the dashboard;
the engine power has decreased markedly.

With the help of a turbine, you can strengthen almost any car engine, the main thing is to entrust this work to a professional.

The main advantages of a turbocharged engine include the following:

the turbine can significantly reduce gasoline consumption in comparison with cars with conventional engines;
the part allows you to significantly increase the engine power;
turbocharged engines run much quieter than conventional ones.

Turbo engines also have a number of disadvantages. Turbocharged engines are sensitive to the quality of the fuel and engine oil used. Maintenance of such a car will require additional cash infusions in the long run.

If you decide to improve the performance of your car with turbocharging, there are 3 main points to understand:

For what purposes it is planned to use the reinforced car - for professional races or daily commuting.
The initial characteristics of the engine - for a smaller engine volume, a smaller turbine will also be needed. Larger engines will require a suitable turbocharger.
On what type of engine you want to install the amplifier - it will directly depend on what material the part will be made of. The fact is that gasoline and diesel engines operate at different temperatures, and the turbocharger installed must be made of materials with appropriate heat resistance.

However, you should not overestimate the technical characteristics of your car and equip it with power loads that it obviously cannot cope with. You should first consult with an experienced master.

Video uploaded by TURBOAGREGAT
Search TURBOAGREGAT 3 years ago

GARRETT original remanufactured turbocharger
engine: 2.5 DI
make / model: Nissan Pathfinder

Turbine numbers:
751243-0002 / 751243-2 / 751243-5002S / 14411EB300 / 14411-EB300

7512430002 7512432 7512435002S

the lineup:
Nissan Pathfinder 2.5 DI 174KM l / s nissan nisan pathfinder pathfinder padfinder padfinder 2.5

engine:
YD25DDTi
YD25 DDTi
YD 25DDTi
YD 25 DDTi

Audi Q7 3.0 TDI model year 2014 Air suspension. tires: Pirelli Scorpion ice & snow 295 × 35 R21 Temperature: -2С Nissan Pathfinder 2.5 TD - 190 HP (R51) SE complete set - manual transmission 6 step. Rubber: Yokohama 255 / 65R17 ice guard ig35 Link to this video: Channel:

Selección de grado de junta y recomendaciones. Visita para mayor información. * Special thanks to Momoko Hasegawa from Japan, Yokohama. (2012)

One of the options for revitalizing the sensor, when the contact track is covered with a layer of something like oil slime, by removing which and bending the contact plate, it is possible to restore operability.Attention! When dismantling the sensor, a situation may occur that an O-ring falls out of the groove of the tank, that under the upper flange of the pumping station, which immediately increases in diameter and it is not realistic to put it back, you have to cut out a part of the ring and glue it with cyacrine.

Almost all diesel passenger cars are equipped with an engine with a turbine, which ensures the most efficient combustion of the fuel mixture in the cylinders and contributes to an increase in power and acceleration dynamics. The turbocharger is powered by exhaust exhaust gases and does not require any additional energy costs. On the high-speed new models of the Nissan campaign, with diesel engines, a two-stage turbocharging system is successfully used, consisting of two mechanisms of different power, which significantly increases the dynamics of changing the engine speed required for fast acceleration of the car.

The turbocharger consists of two scroll bodies rigidly connected to each other, inside which there is a shaft with two impellers.

The turbocharger is made of cast iron and the impeller is made of a heat-resistant alloy that can withstand high temperatures. The scroll of the compressor is made of aluminum, is not subject to temperature influences and is constantly cooled by the air flow coming from the outside through the air filter and entering the engine cylinders under pressure. The turbocharger shaft is made of alloy steel, on which the turbine impeller and the compressor impeller are fixed. Rotation of the shaft is ensured by plain bearings lubricated with engine oil supplied through special channels. The speed of the turbocharger is regulated by the bypass valve, when the pressure of the air leaving the compressor is exceeded, the pneumatic actuator is triggered and opens the valve, allowing some of the exhaust gases to escape, bypassing the turbine, into the exhaust pipe, which ensures a decrease in the speed of the impeller.

A turbocharger, like any mechanism, has a certain resource and does not fail suddenly, there are always indirect signs by which it is possible to determine the unit's malfunctions.

With such signs

are primarily:

loss of engine power;
decrease in the dynamics of acceleration of the car;
leakage of oil seals;
the appearance of extraneous sounds in the turbine area;
white smoke from the muffler pipe.

At the first symptoms that appear, indicating a malfunction, you should contact a car service, not going to the extreme, until the mechanism is completely destroyed. Repairs will be significantly cheaper than buying a new turbocharger.

Basically, all malfunctions occur in the turbine, it is in its volute casing that the bearings and the impeller are located, which are intensively exposed to high temperatures.

The main reasons leading to a malfunction will be:

dirty motor engine oil;
defective or dirty engine oil filter;
contamination of oil channels in the turbine housing, which prevents oil from flowing to the plain bearings;
intensive driving on a cold engine;
turning off the engine immediately after a trip;
bypass valve malfunction.

The most common failures are bearings and impellers. Repairs can only be carried out in a car service with special equipment. Balancing must be done after replacing bearings, shaft or impeller. The operating shaft revolutions are about 110-115 thousand revolutions per minute and any, even minor imbalance will lead to the destruction of the turbocharger.

The main mechanical

damage is the wear of the thrust and sliding bearing, as a result of which there is an increased shaft play.The working clearances between the casing and the impellers are minimal, due to the resulting backlash and skew of the shaft, the impeller blades, when rotating, begin to touch the casing, which leads to their breakage and jamming of the turbocharger.

For this reason, in the event of any extraneous noise emanating from the location of the turbine, you should contact a car service specialist.

The repair work includes:

removal and post-repair installation of the unit;
complete disassembly and cleaning from contamination of parts and oil channels;
if necessary, replace oil hoses;
restoration or replacement of the shaft;
replacement of thrust and sliding bearings;
replacement of deformed impellers;
installation of new sealing parts;
repair of bearing seats;
balancing the shaft with impellers.

After installing a new or repair turbocharger, it is imperative to do:

replacement of engine oil;
oil filter;
air filter.

Particular attention should be paid to the correct operation of the car regarding stopping the engine after a trip in the absence of a timer.

Owners of NISSAN PATHFINDER 3 with a 2.5 TDI engine face a problem when their car starts to lose power, oil leaks are detected, extraneous noise is heard, the color of the exhaust turns black or bluish. Are you interested in turbocharger repair on NISSAN?

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These signs are most likely indicative of a malfunctioning turbocharger. To determine the specific causes of the breakdown, you need to contact a specialized REMSTAR repair center, where the NISSAN PATHFINDER 3 turbine will be diagnosed and identified not only the fault itself, but also its cause.Most often, the Nissan Pathfinder 3 turbine fails as a result of severe operating modes: instant engine shutdown after movement, as well as due to the use of poor-quality oil, untimely maintenance, and foreign objects entering the turbine impeller. Repair work to restore the turbine to work includes: - computer and mechanical diagnostics,- upon detection of significant malfunctions - troubleshooting of the unit,- assessment of the degree of wear of parts,- replacement of a worn out bearing housing, bushings, rings, seals, etc.,- check for deformation of the turbine shaft, its straightening, grinding or replacement,- repair of the fuel dispenser cartridge or its replacement (in case of strong soot, chips),- sandblasting of fuel dispenser bodies, threaded places, oil channels,- three-stage balancing of the turbocharger,- verification of technical parameters on a test bench. If the technical parameters correspond to those declared by the manufacturer, the turbine is mounted on the engine. The company "REMSTAR" is professionally engaged in the repair, restoration and maintenance of turbines NISSAN PATHFINDER 3 (2.5 TDI). You can also purchase a new fuel dispenser from us or replace a broken one with a rebuilt one with an additional charge. A prerequisite for the normal operation of the turbine on the Nissan Pathfinder is the observance of the timing of oil, oil and air filter changes. So the lack, as well as excess air supply to the engine, negatively affects the resource of the turbine. The air must flow freely, since when the pressure at the turbine outlet increases, it will provoke oil leaks in the area of the turbine wheel through the seals. An increase in intake vacuum will also result in increased oil emissions. Image - DIY nissan pathfinder turbine repair

Increased oil consumption;
Unstable engine operation;
Black color of the exhaust, the engine does not develop maximum speed (low air intake, air duct pollution);
Blue color of exhaust gases (oil entering the exhaust manifold);
Loud operation of the power plant (damage or deformation of the rotor).

Turbine diesel 2.5 for Nissan Pathfinder, original

Repair of the Nissan Pathfinder turbine consists in replacing all its elements with extreme wear and checking its operation at the stand after assembly. The repair process also includes balancing the rotor and tuning the turbocharger.
If, according to the results of diagnostics, the turbine cannot be repaired, then the turbine is replaced.

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Features of the car: SUV, four-wheel drive

A complaint: Increased oil consumption, oil ingress into the intercooler and engine

1. Bring the turbocharger to a professional turbocharger repair service.

2. Inspect and troubleshoot the removed unit.

3. Disassemble the turbocharger.

4. Replace worn parts.

5. Perform balancing.

6. Assemble the turbocharger.

Description of the repair process:

The turbocharger arrived for repair from a customer in a removed form. During the inspection, it was found that the turbocharger rotor has increased radial play, dirty oil is present in the cold snail, and the turbocharger is heavily contaminated outside.

We disassemble the turbocharger, throw off the hot snail using the burner, as well as the cold snail

We put the turbocharger cartridge on the stand to check for oil leaks from the cold side.

We disassemble the turbocharger cartridge and identify worn parts that must be replaced

We select new parts according to the turbocharger number indicated on the cold snail and compare them with the old ones

Balancing the turbocharger rotor using special equipment.

We install the rotor in the center to check and eliminate excess runout, which leads to increased imbalance

We assemble the cartridge on new spare parts, and put it on an overclocking balancing stand to eliminate the imbalance.

We install the cartridge on an accelerating stand for balancing at high speeds, in conditions similar to those of a car.

After the performed actions, we get a qualitatively repaired turbocharger.

The price of a new original turbocharger is 3.5 times higher than the price of a repair with spare parts.

After repairs, it is necessary to replace all filters and oils on the car and install the turbocharger in its place.

All operations required 16 hours 30 minutes

Total costs for spare parts, consumables and repairs amounted to 14,900 rubles.

Guarantee on a repaired turbocharger 6 months.

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Turbochargers are our theme!

The third generation Nissan Pathfinder (factory index R51) was first introduced to the North American continent in 2005. The Pathfinder is based on the Nissan Navara pickup. The assembly of Pathfinder SUVs for the European continent is carried out in Spain.

The list of available power units initially included: turbo diesel with a working volume of 2.5 l / 174 hp. and a petrol aspirated V6 with a volume of 4.0 l / 269 hp. Later, after restyling in 2010 (R51M), the 2.5-liter diesel engine added power and began to develop 190 hp, and instead of the gasoline V6, they began to install a 3.0-liter diesel V6 with a return of 231 hp.

The most popular among power units is a 4-cylinder 2.5 liter turbo diesel (YD25). Its weak point is the cylinder head. Head cracks are not uncommon. The reason is long-term operation under heavy load and overheating. The problem arose after 100-150 thousand km. The cost of a new "head" from dealers is about 70-80 thousand rubles, and the full estimate of the replacement work is more than 100,000 rubles. A similar block head in online auto parts stores is cheaper - about 30-40 thousand rubles.

When replacing the oil filter, some careless craftsmen break off the union on the vacuum valve, which causes the turbine to stop functioning. The cost of a new valve is about 6-7 thousand rubles. Inadvertently, the plastic tip of the tee of the heating pipe block may also be broken. This results in a coolant leak. For a new "tee" will have to pay about 4-6 thousand rubles.

When the mileage is more than 60-100 thousand km, the turbine often starts to "howl". Reason: development on the stock, through which gases escape. With warming up, the metal expands, the gap decreases, and the "leakage" of gases decreases, so the howl subsides. The gap does not in any way affect the efficiency of the turbine, the "howl" is a specific age feature. The turbocharger itself can easily reach 300-400 thousand km.

Fuel injectors start to "pour" after 120-150 thousand km. The nozzles are not repaired, the cost of a new one is about 12-15 thousand rubles.

Upgraded 190 hp YD25 engine received a slightly modified cylinder head and a turbocharger with an electric control system. After 10-30 thousand km, Pathfinder owners, more often in 2010-2011, faced with a loss of traction, accompanied by a flashing MIL. "Blues" manifested itself periodically and spontaneously. When dealing with a problem, official services calibrated the turbine and flashed the ECU. If the ailment recurred, then the turbocharger was changed. The cause of the malfunction lay in the turbine control unit. Separately, the control unit does not change, so the "officials" updated the turbine assembly. Many managed to "cure" the turbocharger after cleaning and soldering the contacts in the block.

The number of 3-liter V9X diesels is still small. The most common reason for contacting services is jamming of the EGR valve with a mileage of more than 50-80 thousand km. This problem also occurred on the YD25 diesel engine.

On many Nissan Pathfinder diesel engines, after 50-70 thousand km, the pipes connecting the turbine with the intercooler begin to "sweat". Oiling indicates the appearance of microcracks, which will soon increase. The pipes will have to be replaced.

The VQ40 gasoline aspirated is quite reliable. Engine problems were sometimes caused by the destruction of the ceramic filler of the catalysts, the fine particles of which entered the cylinders. Due to the abrasive effect of particles, scuffs appeared on the cylinder walls, and oil consumption increased significantly.

Owners of Nissan Pathfinder over 5-6 years old often encounter a fuel level sensor failure: the pointer needle sticks to "maximum" or falls to "0". The manufacturer envisages replacing the complete fuel pump, the cost of which is about 18,000 rubles for dealers and about 8,000 rubles in “ordinary stores”. In addition, to replace the pump, you will have to remove the tank, since there is no technological hole in the body for this purpose.

With a mileage of more than 100,000 km, the overrunning clutch of the generator or its bearings may fail. This will be indicated by extraneous noise: crackling or squeak. The cost of a new clutch is about 6,000 rubles from dealers and about 2-3 thousand rubles in ordinary auto parts stores. For two original bearings, you will have to pay an additional 2 thousand rubles, and for an analogue - about 1 thousand rubles. The work done is estimated at about 5 thousand rubles. This clutch is not installed on the gasoline version of the Pathfinder.

Transmission

On pre-styling Pathfinders, there were often problems with the rear gearbox. The problem gearbox was changed under warranty.

The hum and vibrations at high speeds after 80-120 thousand km of run owe their appearance to the crosspieces of the cardan shafts. The cost of a new cross is about 1.5-2.5 thousand rubles. They are also the culprits of the squeak that occurs when reversing. Transfer case oil seals will last more than 100-150 thousand km.

Only the Nissan Pathfinder with a 2.5 liter turbodiesel was equipped with a 6-speed manual gearbox. There are no problems with the box itself.But the grip was too weak. Most often it has to be changed up to 100 thousand km, but under sparing operating conditions it can last up to 150-180 thousand km. The set of the new original clutch is not cheap - about 40 thousand rubles, the analogue is slightly more affordable - about 30 thousand rubles.

The 5-speed "automatic" was installed in tandem with any of the Pathfinder engines. The automatic transmission is able to confidently drive more than 200-250 thousand km without repair. The valve body may be the cause of the problem. The cost of a new valve body from dealers is about 50-60 thousand rubles, in online stores to order - about 30-45 thousand rubles. Often the box "dies" not from natural wear and tear, but because of the mixing of its working fluid with antifreeze. The “deadly cocktail” is being prepared in the lower part of the radiator due to a leak in the heat exchanger (lower radiator tank). The cost of a new radiator is from 10 to 20 thousand rubles. There is only one harbinger of trouble - slipping. If you catch yourself in time, then you can get off only by flushing the box, otherwise - replacing the valve body and clutches. Problems with automatic transmission are sometimes added by a constructive flaw: the bolt securing the plastic lining of the front bumper frays the oil cooling pipe of the box.

The bushings and struts of the front stabilizer serve more than 60-80 thousand km, the rear more than 80-120 thousand km. Hub bearings run over 100-150 thousand km. The cost of a new hub from dealers is about 17-18 thousand rubles, on the side - about 8-9 thousand rubles. The suspension arms and ball, steering tips and rods go the same way.

Knocks in the Pathfinder's steering wheel when driving over irregularities are not uncommon. The culprit of the "celebration" on the pre-styling model is the steering shaft cardan. After replacing with a rubber-metal analogue of a new sample, knocks pass. The cost of the cardan is about 300-400 rubles, and the replacement work is about 6-7 thousand rubles. In the restyled version of the Pathfinder, steering knocks are due to wear on the splines on the crimp structure at the bottom of the steering shaft.

Some Nissan Pathfinder owners report brake pedal failure and reduced deceleration performance. The problem may appear both after 20-30 thousand km, and only after 200,000 km. In most cases, the cause of trouble is in the brake master cylinder. The cost of the new "main" is about 10,000 rubles.

Other problems and malfunctions

The paintwork, traditionally for most car manufacturers, is weak: it is easily scratched and quickly overgrown with chips. After the first winter, "spiders" (small swelling of paint) may appear on the hood, A-pillars, on the roof above the windshield, but most often on the tailgate. The chrome coating of the decorative elements of the body trim also suffers.

Due to problems with the valve in the headlight washer line, nozzles often begin to "poison". Many people are faced with the appearance of cracks on the glazing of the front headlight unit near the wing. The reason is strong internal stress due to the peculiarities of the fastening. Some lucky ones have to change their headlights almost once a year. Although the cases are not isolated, dealers are genuinely surprised by what they see every time they receive a car.

Peeling "leather upholstery" of seats and steering wheel is another sad reality of most modern cars, incl. and Nissan Pathfinder (after 20-40 thousand km). Over time, the plastic pads on the steering wheel spokes are also wiped off.

There are also problems with the contacts of the power window control buttons, the electric drive of the seats and their heating. Often you have to deal with a break in the steering loop, due to which the buttons on the steering wheel stop working, the sound signal or the airbag malfunction indicator lights up. The cost of a new loop from dealers is about 4 thousand rubles, in online stores - about 2 thousand rubles.

Often the standard navigation system is buggy - the monitor goes out. The system can come out of the stupor on its own only after a few hours.If the lethargic sleep has not stopped, then the navigation unit will have to be replaced. Dealers, when asked about the reasons for this behavior, answer that this is how special zones operate. Anomaly? When such "overshoots" appear, electricians recommend removing the plug of the active GPS antenna from the socket and not using it again.

If smudges appear on the racks near the ceiling and ceiling, it is necessary to check the condition of the rubber bands under the rails and stretch their fastening. Water at the feet of the front passenger is the result of the disconnection of the rear window washer hose under the front right fender.

Owners of diesel Nissan Pathfinder often complain about the slow warming up of the cabin in cold weather. Over time, the stove motor may make noise. Lubrication will help silence it. A new motor costs from 5 to 10 thousand rubles. The rear passenger air conditioning pipes, located under the bottom, are easily corroded. There are also episodes with the failure of the servos of the air distribution dampers. The new servo will cost 1000 rubles.

Electric cables laid under the bottom and connectors under the thresholds often rot after 4-6 years of operation. This is the main reason for displaying errors on the all-wheel drive or ABS sensors.

The hero of our story, in terms of reliability, does not stand out from the large crowd of modern cars. The presence of problems with the cylinder head of a 2.5 liter diesel engine and a "hang" of the turbocharger of the restyled version are alarming. Unfortunately, problems with paintwork and low quality finishing materials, unfortunately, are no longer surprising to anyone. Otherwise, everything is predictable, the resource of units and assemblies is sane, as are the prices for spare parts. There is probably no point in skipping a Nissan Pathfinder if you need a large four-wheel drive vehicle. As the experience of individual owners shows, Nissan Pathfinder, with timely maintenance and proper operation, quietly reaches the mark of 300-400 thousand km without major repairs.

Are you interested in turbocharger repair on NISSAN?

Most often, the Nissan Pathfinder 3 turbine fails as a result of severe operating modes: instant engine shutdown after movement, as well as due to the use of poor-quality oil, untimely maintenance, and foreign objects entering the turbine impeller.

Repair work to restore the turbine to work includes:

- computer and mechanical diagnostics,

- upon detection of significant malfunctions - troubleshooting of the unit,

- assessment of the degree of wear of parts,

- replacement of a worn out bearing housing, bushings, rings, seals, etc.,

- check for deformation of the turbine shaft, its straightening, grinding or replacement,

- repair of the fuel dispenser cartridge or its replacement (in case of strong soot, chips),

- sandblasting of fuel dispenser bodies, threaded places, oil channels,

- three-stage balancing of the turbocharger,

- verification of technical parameters on a test bench.

If the technical parameters correspond to those declared by the manufacturer, the turbine is mounted on the engine.

The company "REMSTAR" is professionally engaged in the repair, restoration and maintenance of turbines NISSAN PATHFINDER 3 (2.5 TDI). You can also purchase a new fuel dispenser from us or replace a broken one with a rebuilt one with an additional charge.

Nissan pathfinder do it yourself turbine replacement

The process did not take a full 12 hours because of the rain ...

on an old 2mm turbine the rolling axis was ...

To remove the turbine, all the studs had to be unscrewed, unscrewed very carefully! a small butt under an asterisk ...